/sci/ - Science & Math

>>9655983
Good early morning, /molbio/

Why DNA proves God exists:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=77xr-OgizBg

>>9655990
TL;DW?

>>9655999
DNA is an information storage and retrieval system. The actual molecules used are not relevant, it's the arrangement of them that forms a pattern of data that can then be interpreted to form proteins. The video covers some major points.

1. The odds of a protein forming by abiogenesis are 10^164

2. The proteins that are used to retrieve information from DNA are formed themselves from DNA leading to a "chicken and egg" problem where each are useless without the other

3. The arrangement of bases in DNA is what allows it to function. You could have completely different molecules but retain the information stored in the arrangement of chemistry and have the same result. Chemistry can't really explain how information can spontaneously be created, much less when there seems to be no logical reason why those chemicals would ever arrange themselves to store information rather than just following basic rules of chemistry.

>>9656004
That is less proof of a God in religion sense and more proof of some entity kickstarting the life on Earth.

>>9656015
essentially the same thing

What do you think of the fact that our gut microbiota is controlling us via management of neurotransmitters production? Are we just a mobile house for bacteria?

>>9656027
Not really. Creators could fuck off somewhere else and not give a single fuck about us, God on the other hand explicitly implied to observe and judge humans. Abrahamic religion are non compatible with such views on God at all, buddhisms and most of its forks kinda sorta can work with that though. Mostly because it lacks the God figure in abrahamic sense and its ultimate goal is to fuck off from existence altogether achieving blissful state of being a dark matter for all intents and purposes.

>>9656004
RNA can act self-catalyzing, you don't need proteins. RNA randomly aggregates in the primeval soup -> some aggregates can replicate themselves -> these aggregates become more common -> patterns that facilitate spreading spread more -> patterns mutate to provide additional capabilities, such as protein catalysis or transfer to a DNA state (which is more stable). RNA/DNA follows basic rules of chemistry, it's not some magic, just a very opportune arrangement of atoms.

>>9655983
Why hasn't lamarkian evolution evolved?
Why hasn't a more efficient lamarkian evolution evolved?

By this I mean, why are there so few heritable epigenetic traits in animals when really all it would take is one successful generation to propagate that epigenetic method.

Plants carry this in a sense for their defence against massive amounts of transposable elements in the genome.

I have an idea it has to do with the complexity of reprogramming (lots of proteins required for maintaining all the markers - some markers only make sense in differentiated cells etc) in sex cells + zygotes but am not sure.

No memeing, and if you guys have opinions or papers I could read that would be awesome!

>>9656125
this is the answer.
RNA is agreed to be the precursor to DNA.

The formation of an envelope containing RNA is not too complex. (phospholipids can spontaneously form these things)

When RNA produced DNA it just was better for error judgement so it stuck, but it wouldn't have been the first dominant information source.

>want to get into genetics and mol bio
>don't have any basic bio 1 and 2 courses or labs have never done bio before
Can I do this

>my uni has a synthetic biology centre
>they do PhD programs
It looks incredibly interesting and useful, but I'm not sure if I want to commit to 4 years of hell. Please help.

>>9656977
yes

it will requrie a ton of reading

>>9655983
I have an okay bio idea that I'm trying to push into a research question. What's the best way you guys find to defeat mental
roadblocks

>>9657289
Obviously lsd.
>>9657199
Isn't synthetic biology basically an engineering field?
>>9656977
Sure, you just have to study the basics first.
>>9656970
You're talking about the RNA world theory? Yes that is interesting and believable, if you think that RNA could have evolved into DNA, and DNA took its place in many organisms because definitely more stable in aqueous solutions

>>9657374
>Isn't synthetic biology basically an engineering field?
It's interdisciplinary, so they accept people from biochemistry, chemistry, mathematics, engineering, etc. Most of the people at the centre in my uni are biologists, some chemists and like two engineers.

It's uses engineering principles, but the bulk of understanding is biochemical.

>>9657212
>>9657374
What basics do I need to know

>>9657451
Fucking basic biology man. Get a book and study biology, the cell, microbiology, chemistry, biochemistry. Books of the bachelor level, or even high school to start out

>>9657451
Read this big fucking fat book of shit.

>>9657463
Why are you mean

>>9655983
An enzyme is specific only to amino acid X but gets competitively inhibited by amino acid Y. In the cytoplasm, amino acid Y concentration is 1000-fold greater than amino acid X--not to mention the Km for X is 10 mM while the Ki for Y is 10 uM.

How does the enzyme even function in vivo?

>>9657609
Sorry. I have finals this month.

>>9657620
It doesn't, what's your point?
Also, enzymes are specific for a single reaction, not amino acids.

>>9655983
How does a fertilized egg go from cell to fetus, and how does DNA find the material it needs to carry out orders?

>>9655983
your pic sucks ass

>>9656963
bump seems like a good qn

>>9658648
same here, all the best anon

hey, I'm planning to study Biochemistry and Biotechnology

Anyone have any experiences?

How do I get into this field from EE?
Thanks.

>>9656963

I don't have an answer to this, but I think it's probably not because there's too much molecular complexity required. Isn't it thought that the genome is already more complicated than it "needs" to be? In the sense that the pathways/circuits are generally overwired.

>>9659149
Nevermind, read the previous posts.

>>9656963
aren't epigenetics local to these specific cells that got the signal? How would you ensure that DNA in sex cell arrange in such fashion so that differentiation would produce correctly adjusted cells in correct locations? I think that you have the right idea.

>>9659594
>aren't epigenetics local to these specific cells that got the signal?
they are

but how are the epigenetics regulated in the gametes that is the real question here

>>9657483
literally the best read ever

>>9655990
>>9655999
Nice pop-sci fellas, but that's a load of bullshit
If you actually believe millions of life scientist have never questioned the validity of the established theories and some catholic pleb is disproving them wrong in a single youtube video, you may as well stop reading now

>the video continuously uses probability of random protein formation
>The odds of a protein forming by abiogenesis are 10^164

First of all abiogenesis doesn't claim modern proteins spontaneously form, that's the only thing the video gets right - modern proteins and cellular machinery cannot spontaneously arise, that's ok because after simple cells have formed, evolution can fine tune it over a large course of time into what it is today.
Let's actually take a look at what abiogenesis proposes, and remember, these processes are guided by thermodynamics, there is no need for supernatural forces. Lipids in aqueous environment form micelles. You can observe this when you eat a soup and notice circular shapes where fat has aggregated. These micelles served as a prototype of a cell membrane. Compartmentalisation is extremely important for biological processes. Various micelles formed in the primordial soup (lipids can spontaneously form and have been proven to do so in Miller-Urey experiment), they isolate the internal environment from the external allowing some organic molecules to permeate the membrane. When a lipid vesicle encounters a free lipids molecule it will incorporate it into the membrane thus growing. Once they reach a certain size, they become unstable and divide due to the movement of oceans.
So just with simple fatty acids we have growth and division already.

>ok, but that's not life, where is the genetic information? how does it arise?

Continuing in next post...

>>9659717

Free monomers would float in the soup occasionally entering and exiting the vesicles, but once they polymerise inside the vesicle they are trapped. This will cause the all the additional monomers to ligate into the template via hydrogen bonds. This means that a double stranded "genetic code" will spontaneously arise but it doesn't code for anything yet. Eventually a vesicle will encounter a source of heat, such as a hydrothermal vent. This will cause the hydrogen bonds to break thus separating the the double strands into two new ones. Heat also increases the permeability of the membrane (this is why bacteria undergo heat shocks during molecular cloning). With a weakened membrane and separated strands more monomers enter the vesicle and ligate onto the two templates. At this point the vesicle has doubled its "genetic code". The polymers will attract ions (membrane permeable) thus increasing the osmotic pressure of the vesicle. The osmotic pressure of the cell will increase its size and also cause it to "steal" lipids from local vesicle with less polymer (believe it or not this is guided by thermodynamics). At this stage we have competition, so certain polymers will be more successful at making the vesicle grow and are selected for. That's literally the beginning of evolution. Beneficial "mutations" would include:
>obtaining only the most abundant nucleotides
>form sequences that are stable, yet easily separable
>form a secondary structure with proto-enzymic activity
Such activities could be synthesis of lipids from available resources, or modify the lipids so they can't leave the membrane

From then on evolution fully takes over and we end up where we are today
No god, no diety, no magic - just simple high school thermodynamics

>>9659752
well put, anon

>>9655990
>>9655999
>>9659717
>>9659752

This is why i hate this board
the guy thoroughly explained something and possibly disproved these creationist fucks and no one can throw a decent reply

>>9659916
its a reply good enough to shut everyone up; what's there to complain about?

>>9655983
>not /mobi/
You'd be awful in any kind of marketing

Is this a good popsci book?

>>9656065
Underrated post, and creepy.

>>9657620
What enzymes are X and Y?

>>9659717
>>9659752
Well done m8, basic biochem stuff enough to shove off brainlets.

Good thread.

>>9659129
Cheers mate you too.

>>9658678
Nutrients in the foetus. The egg is mainly that

>>9656065
Litrerally what has been on my mind,and hence on my gut's mind, for the last 2 years

>>9659752
Nicely done anon.

>>9656065
>>9660054
>>9660202
We had to read and discuss a paper on this and eventually our conclusion was that the authors (who are all from the same institution) used tiny sample sizes and manipulated statistics to get funding.

>>9660118
omg dis pic

>>9660221
I am curious what you mean by this post. Bls elaborate.

t. gut microbe host

>>9660228
Microbial Reconstitution Reverses Maternal Diet-
Induced Social and Synaptic Deficits in Offspring. Buffington et al.

Just read this and see how poorly they string together subsequent conclusions. It's just so weak and flimsy. The amount of ridiculous assumptions they make is comical.

What does / sci / think about biophysics?
It seems a very interesting field (physics and simulations of biomolecules) though as a student of engineering physics I only have a basic knowledge of biology and chemistry.

>>9659717
>>9659752
Cool mate I liked it. /molbio/ confirmed once again best general.

>>9660239
It's interesting, but I probably can't enter it because I'm not doing physics or engineering.

>>9660234
spoonfeed me on what part exactly

>>9658678
this field is called developmental biology which gave rise to evolutionary-development a.k.a "evo-devo"

Each organism develops differently but there are certain regulatory pathways that are conserved through pretty much all organisms during development. Usually a chemical gradient would be introduced throughout the embryo. The chemical is usually a regulatory one, meaning that in its presence certain genes are either turned off or on. This way the cells can localise themselves and figure out where in the embryo they are. So for example the egg would have a certain protein anchored to its future anterior side. Once fertilised the protein is freed and diffuses across the embryo. The source area is heavily concentrated in the protein and gene transcription will take place, while the future posterior end doesn't receive any protein and no transcription takes place. The gene transcribed codes for a protein which is a regulatory protein for a different gene and then that gene regulates a different gene, etc... thus a very complex network of logic gates guided by positive/negative feed loops is created and guides which genes are expressed where, causing cell specification and proliferation
>pic related, fly larva protein gradients
look into conservation of homeotic genes as well, very interesting
>>9660256
>>9660219
>>9660108
>>9659763
thanks guys appreciate it
>t. biochem undergrad lol

>>9660234
>>9660298
I am trying to look for a download link and see this, so far https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27315483
Will take a while but doesn't look far fetched though.

>>9660304
christ i love fly segmentation

it's so elegant and beautiful

Dumping info on Caenorhabditis elegans http://www.wormbook.org/

>>9660234
There is considerably more research than this paper, of course. I need to find a few references to share.

>>9659752
supported by abundance of adenine as most popular regulatory element as far as nucleotide go

>>9657483
Is this actually a good introduction

>>9657620
it's in a different compartment

So how about dem gene drives? Ethical talks on them, but I don't see anyone trying them out, even five years past the explosion of CRISPR.

>>9655983

hi,

what do you call the cell extensions on either side of a bidirectional chemical synapse?

it's not an axon, it's not a dendrite, what is it?

>>9658675
Ever heard of substrate specificity?

>>9660083
They're not. They're amino acids, or substrates in this case. Doesn't really matter what they are.

>>9660657
Hmmmmm...
I forgot to mention this is a prokaryotic cell, sorry. Though the compartment idea sounds interesting. Maybe same-ish idea applies?

>>9659752
Nice fanfiction but you haven't provided anything but speculation to try and defend something that is bafflingly unlikely. Abiogenesis is impossible. Throwing shit at the wall and claiming "Uhhh well it could've happened if this specific chain of events occurred" when we can't even create anything more complex than an amino acid in the most favorable conditions we can create in laboratories is desperation.

>>9660906
>Abiogenesis is impossible.

well, we're certainly not made by god.

evidence: there are 64 possible codons, but all 64 only encode 20 amino acids.

wither god was a retard or it wasn't god.

>>9660935
Codon wobble is adaptive, that's not exactly the best way to shoot him down.

Move /drosophilacucks best development organism comming through

Undergrad here, what is in silico experiments and how do I go about doing this?

>>9660890
could be a transporter

only binds extracellular X, so the cytoplasmic [Y] is irrelevant

maybe it modifies X on the way in, so as to still be an >enzyme

>>9660239
Biophysics is absolutely based
Phase separation is a hot subject right now

Do the hydrogen bonds on tRNA mean anything?

>>9663436
Literally anything that involves computer analysis. Bioinformatics programs I guess, like analyzing DNA sequencing data and making functional predictions or using protein fold prediction programs or programs that calculate if an exon mutation would be pathological etc.

>>9663509
you mean the hairpin structure?

>>9660906
> uhhh u can't no nuffin except this book (even though I can't even read it in the original language)

does our diet affect our DNA? some /pol/ and /x/ posters say the flouride in the water and the soy in foods is intentionally put there by higher powers to deconstruct the popullaces' DNA ultimately de-evolving us into weaker/lesser human beings for reasons unknown

>>9664146
Yes, diets can affect DNA. But they probably have a more significant effect on the epigenome. Almost the same thing, except that the epigenome is less heritable than DNA.

>>9657483
brain let here, is all the information in the 7th edition in the 8th one ? and what's the difference?

>>9657483


Is this a good intro!~

Aubrey de Grey is good at maths:
https://plus.google.com/+TerenceTao27/posts/QBxTFAsDeBp

>>9659618
>>9659594
there is some epigenetic modifications that are carried over in gametes. These occur generally in transposable elements that have fused with gene/gene enhancers. An example of this is Agouti expression in mice.

So I think it IS possible, but i have no idea how to approach this question haha.

>>9664752
He'll die a legend that's for sure :^)

>>9664977
>An example of this is Agouti expression in mice.
source my man

>>9661871
dont tell me this is a planarian

>>9660873
dendrite my man. axon is defined by hillock, if it doesnt have that its a dendrite no matter if it shoots stuff back or what

My comprhension of viruses is basic. But why are viruses not seen as being produced by the cell as a means of transmitting genetic material, rather than an infection caused by a foreign invader? How is this not just an advanced form of HGT?

>>9666129
Probably because they're independent enough that it is easier to think of them as a separate life form.

>>9666129
For multicellular organisms, most cells work for the survival of the organism. Viruses tend not to, so I'd think it's natural to think of them as being foreign.

Is there a /molbio/ equivalent to this?

I miss molbio

>>9666552
Biology for dummies?

>>9666552
this buck is succ

>>9668585
Why? I was considering buying it.

>>9666129
viral infection are recognized and stopped because the viral proteins produced are recognized as antigens by the immune system. other than this the body cannot discriminate between native genetic processes and foreign genetic processes which are why virus are so effective

>>9667449
We're here for you my biofriend.
>>9666129
Because viruses usually overwrite the host genome, giving it time. Both host and virus want to thrive, and only the most fit genome will thrive.
>>9656065
What do you guys think of this? Recently I had to write a dissertation about a topic of my choice, and I've chosen this one: influencing the gut microbiota may drive changes in mood disorders (think probiotic for instance). A different gut flora may synthesise different amount of chemicals such as serotonin.

>>9670376
>A different gut flora may synthesise different amount of chemicals such as serotonin.
source

>>9656065
>>9670376
Microbiome influences the production of serotonin, but mostly for the peripheral receptors/gut 5ht receptors; it's not like they're injecting serotonin into your brain.
That said, the evidence isn't strong enough yet to draw any sort of conclusions- the research is super-new and ongoing, so we'll see.

>>9660221
>used tiny sample sizes and manipulated statistics to get funding.

This line of thinking I see pop up all the time among people who want to be able to criticize science papers, but don't actually know shit, so then go "uhhh I think that sample size is small, probably not right". Unless it was actually a totally shit paper (entirely plausible)

1) Do you know what a proper sample size is?
2) Do you know what exact manipulations occurred?
3) You do realize that publishing a paper doesn't give you funding, right? If you submit an R01 based on research that's shit, the study section is going to look at your research,point out how sketchy it is, not score it, and hand you pink slips that will point it out. Remember: These papers have gone through peer review with people who actually know the field and are well versed in the scientific method. Yes, shitty papers get published, but if your only criticize of a paper is "small sample size", you should step back and realize you don't really know enough to criticize it.

Signed, a scientist who fucking hates it when the internet rubs one out over how smart they are when they point out a "small sample size" in a paper (when, in fact, the sample size is fine.)

>>9670376
You don't need ebin brain chemicals for the gut to affect mood. Just eat a large meal and experience it for yourself.

>>9670741
that's not mood, that's pleasure; mood has two components: the pain/pleasure & happiness/sadness>>9670376
Why don't you go into an actual cause/effect study on something Objective that is BASED instead of being a stupid babby

>>9670831
No, a big meal makes you dazed and unenergetic, which is a change in mood. Your definition is automatically bad because it doesn't account for things like being pissed off.

I found a copy of the THE CELL by Alberts, Johnson, Lewis, Raff, Roberts, and Walter 4th edition at my local thrift store for like 5 bucks, did I do good?

>>9671127
Isn't 4th edition like really old one? IIRC it is at 7th.
Anyway it probably is still pretty good read, although some of the stuff might be just outdated.
If you are a scumbag like me you could download the book as pdf torrent instead

>>9671149
I only do that for books I can't obtain otherwise.

>>9656004
2. The proteins that are used to retrieve information from DNA are formed themselves from DNA leading to a "chicken and egg" problem where each are useless without the other

I don't understand how I've never realised this. What the fuck, this blew my mind a bit.
What are current hypotheses on how this happened, if there are any?

Is bioinformatics/comp bio welcome here? Thinking about changing my major from IT to comp bio.

>>9672251
Probably RNA was here first. Some RNA molecules are known for being able to act as proteins. I'm on mobile now though and I don't remember which event in particular. Maybe it was during post transcriptional modifications
>>9672616
Man bioinformaticians are really requested where I am (EU). It would be nice to be passionate about that

>>9672616
whaddup my nigz /combio/ here

>>9657199
is that phd part of the cdt ran between bristol, warwick and oxford by any chance?

>>9655983
I'm starting an integrative biology phd later this year, meaning ill be doing both experimental and theoretical work. Coming from a more traditional molecular biology undergrad im keen to get stuck in with the modelling side of things. Anyone else doing this type of thing?

how do I get bio friends?

any microbiologists here using /molbio/ techniques?

>>9655983
Can I ask you lads something about hydrogen bonds?
If a h-bond is formed at an angle, and therefore a relatively weak h-bond (or rather, not as strong as it could), would it begin to position itself or 'flatten' itself, into a stronger/straight h-bond?

Or would it stay at an angle until it came undone?

Guys, I just read a paper that describes the distribution of an already known single nucleotide polymorphism, but the authors detected it in RNA, not genomic DNA. This makes me mad. It's such a bad practice. And the best thing is, the author didn't even send it to a peer reviewed journal, he just published it in his own journal he happens to be vice editor of.

>>9660906
The fact that DNA can self assemble is already more proof that we were not created than that hour long video that sparked the reply could provide.

>>9672963
be competent at labs. If you at least pre-read the lab before hand and/or vaguely understand what your doing, that puts you ahead of 90% of your partners who will then ask if you want to form a study group and assuming you're not a complete sperg, you go from there.

>>9674076
Not necessarily. Besides copy-pasting what the first chapter of every intro molec bio textbook says about how life began, we actually have no proof as to how it really came about.

How did the first DNA and RNA polymerize? Don't say autocatalysis that's just a meme.

>>9670376
There are some papers suggesting links between dysbiosis and depression/anxiety. So yeah you should have some material to work with.

>>9672251
"RNA World" hypothesis

RNA can form complex secondary structures that sometimes have enzymatic-like functions and can serve as a template for its own creation, so it's believed RNA actually came first

>>9664276
can't speak to the specifics, but for most books, the changes between editions are very minor, they just put out new editions so kids will buy their book new for full price instead of used books from old editions still circulating

>>9674061
Kind of depends on the overall configuration of the molecules, doesn't it? Stronger bonds are analogous to lower energy, so the only reason they wouldn't 'straighten up' would be because

(1) The change of conformation has a high energy barrier
(2) The change of conformation results in a configuration where other bonds are weakened, causing an overall increase in energy state.

>>9674073
Why is that bad practice? Genuine question

>>9675372
because the SNPs occur in genomic DNA
if you detect them in mRNA you get a false result
it could be editing, it could be error, you get no information about the genome if you dont measure it directly

>>9675372
like an open door is no proof that someone left the house

>>9674735
Source

Why do you fgs never provide evidence

most SNPs occur more likely in RNA than in DNA
detecting them only in RNA is unreliable

>>9659961
I really like Matt Ridley as a pop sci author, and enjoyed Genome. I'm almost through his book The Red Queen: Sex and the Evolution of Human Nature. I like sexual selection, it's really interesting in tandem and competition with natural selection and others.

>>9665199
Here's a video going over it.
https://youtu.be/IYJ_nd9glvw

Here's an earlier 1998 paper, but there are many since studying epigenetics in Agouti mice as a model.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/9707167/

It's a common example in genetics and mid to high level biology text books.

>>9671149
it's on 6e still, 7e probably in the next five or ten years.
>tfw bought the reference edition of 5e

>>9675419
Sometimes fgs don't have the citations open in front of them but want to share something they recently read, and feel like, if you are interested, you can operate Google as easily as they can.

Source: Fuck off.

>>9675433
I don't get it, shouldn't a snp in mRNA also always occur from the DNA is coming from?

>>9665175
hahaha

What is the best book on evolutionary biology today that presents both gradual speciation and punctuated equilibrium?

>>9659717
>evolution can fine tune

evolution has no creative power, it is by definition a random process. If natural selection acting on random variations is the driving force of evolution, why has evolution never been observed to fundamentally change any species into an entirely different species? Natural selection can only rearrange the genetic material that already exists and mutations are ALWAYS deleterious to the genetic code. There is not one example of a change in base sequence producing a mutation that wasn't nonsense, missense, or frameshifting. As far as genetic disorders that supposedly give evolutionary advantage, the only one with any sort of merit is mutation in hemoglobin that gives people the heterozyote for sickle cell anemia. However, even that is simply removing a normal function, it is not adding functional code like we are expected to believe random mutation is capable of doing.

>>9676939
None, don't voluntarily pollute your mind with pseudoscience.

>>9677234
>Natural selection can only rearrange the genetic material that already exists and mutations are ALWAYS deleterious to the genetic code.
>There is not one example of a change in base sequence producing a mutation that wasn't nonsense, missense, or frameshifting.
those two statements have nothing to do with each other, and the first statement is wrong.

>>9678427
Nice non argument

>>9678807
i'll spell it out for you, then. first, you're confusing mechanism with functional role. "deleterious" is a functional argument, not a mechanistic one. it's entirely possible that a mutation can restore a broken gene to its proper functionality. mutations are not deleterious or beneficial on their own, that description only applies when you observe the effect of the mutation on the organism. in many cases those mutations can have beneficial effects. second, natural selection is not a mutagenesis process, it's a process where phenotype reflecting underlying genotype affects reproductive fitness.

Anons, im interested in chemistry and microbiology and CS, what should i study to get into molbio? How hard is it to find a related job in eu? Where can i resd up on unis and majors in eu?

>>9676777
yes. but not more often. never heard of RNA editing? also detecting it in RNA has a higher error rate simply because RNA is less stable than DNA. if you have genomic DNA available, detecting your SNP in RNA is a bit retarded.

>>9679379
>>9676777
also it's only an indirect proof if you detect it in RNA

What's the difference between a factor and a protein?

> Replication activator protein
> Replication licensing factors
> Replication protein A
> Replication factor C

>>9679379
>>9679381
I see. Thanks anon.
>>9679412
It's the same shit afaik

>>9679412
a protein is specifically a polypeptide. a "factor" can be other non-protein molecules, like a hormone

>>9678427
He's on the right track, I think what he means to say that evolution can only modify or delete information while never truly never making any NEW information for new life to over sprout from it. Kinda like the idea that something can only get more basic over time.

>>9679919
What about transposable elements? They can replicate inside the genome.

>>9679412
all factors are proteins, but not all proteins are factors

>>9675877
>burden of proof

>>9679919
>I think what he means to say that evolution can only modify or delete information while never truly never making any NEW information for new life to over sprout from it
That's not true, though. Gene duplications happen all the time. Every time a gene is duplicated, that's new material available for evolution to work with.

>>9679863
>a "factor" can be other non-protein molecules, like a hormone
i dont think that this is true

>>9680194
>>9681088
thanks yall

>>9664276
>>9674986
>>9674986
Well bioinformatics get some more room in the newer eds. Also new findings about enzymatic mechanisms and metabolism trickle in. The book states "we don't know" every now and then, and the picture gets a little bit more complete with each ed. Been relying on the 5th ed, but thinking about buying the latest one after I had a look into it.
But yes, if you can buy a used older ed for a few bucks, go for it.

>>9681088
I guess he meant 'cofactor'

>>9681950
Can you give me an example of a non protein cofactor? Legit curious

>>9679919
google retrotransposons

>A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzyme's activity. Cofactors can be considered "helper molecules" that assist in biochemical transformations. The rates at which these happen are characterized by enzyme kinetics.

>>9683463
Vitamin D, or steroids, or retinoic acid, or ions

What's a site where I can check news/articles about biology?

>>9683598
nature.com

>>9657620
Its a secretory toxin enzyme that targets something with high X and lower Y

Why biochem engineer niggers think they are the master race? Most of them are gonna being supervisors of a production line and in a shitty irrelevant company. Basic research is dying for this fucking retards

>>9685746
Do they even exist? lol

My guess is they think their degree title sounds complicated so others see them as hot shit. Boring as fuck though

>>9679464
here is a paper that might tell you more about what is a real mutation of your DNA and what isn't

Wang IX, Core LJ, Kwak H, Brady L, Bruzel A, McDaniel L, Richards AL, Wu M, Grunseich C, Lis JT, Cheung VG. RNA-DNA Differences Are Generated in Human Cells within Seconds after RNA Exits Polymerase II. Cell Rep. 2014 Mar 13;6(5):906-15. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.01.037. Epub 2014 Feb 20. PubMed PMID: 24561252.

Shilling my paper
http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/04/autistic-children-may-inherit-dna-mutations-their-fathers

>>9679030
Bioinformatics? I mean if I could start over I'd get into bioinformatics instead of mol bio

>>9686535
What type of mol bio do you do anon? I'm in bioinformatics but really just going a bunch of WGS

This thread is pure fucking shit

>>9686585
I'm still a student senpai. I don't know how it is in USA but you probably can't get a research position without a PhD which I won't / don't want to pursue. After I'm done, maybe I'll get in QC or RA if I'm lucky or some other unrelated job. I don't even care anymore if I get to use my degree or not.

>>9655983
This might step on your toes about engineering. But what is the next most likely chemical combination for batteries because lithium is getting harder to find.

>>9686718
PhD isn't too bad

>>9686742
Sorry I forgot to add the bio system that can create the material. Like a photosynthesis, or alcohol. Is there some type of genetic engineering that could make a creature that produces such elemental material. I always see compounds excreated from lifeforms except plants. They do the co2 to o thing.

What are my chances of working in biological warfare?

>>9657463
Hook me up with some book, I learned chemistry in roughly 2 weeks, I need moar knowledge but I don't know which books to torrent

>>9655990
>MHFM
nice

Is the paramecium a prokaryota or eukaryota?

>>9655983
bump. love this thread now.

>>9687623

One quick search in google seems to confirm that it has a nucleus

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0932473989800379

So eukaryota... that was easy.

>>9687634
My university teacher said it is prokaryota, he said that's what they taught him

>>9657483
???

>>9687640

Although I came with the idea that it couldn't be that simple(taxonomy almost never is), I expected a rebuttal not a... "thats what my teacher got told inexplicably"

To be more precise, procariotes have:

>No nucleus
>No organelles(or pseudorganelles, see Brocardia anamoxidans and some other examples that do not come to my mind right now)
>Ribosomal units made of 23S and 16S
>A characteristiic composition of lipids in the membrane(can be analyzed through FAME technique)
>Formilmetionine at the start of their proteins
>No modification to RNAm after transcription
>No histones, or at least different proteins to organize and replicate their DNA
>Specific proteins(for example chaperones) for their own protein pathways(also different DNA mechanism)

And thats what comes to my mind right now, and without entering more specific things exclusive to procaryotes like a lipidic monolayer(archaea), specific photosynthetic routes(Red Sulfu bacteria), the lipopolysacharide(GRAM- only), the preseence of mycolic acyd, endospores... which as far as we know are definely exclusive to bacteria, although after some years studying this field I must say that I'm pretty sure that there must be exceptions to what I just said or "mosaic organisms" that manage to present both eucaryotic and procaryotic characteristices(outside the classical example or archaea).

But at least those are the items I would look for to classify something as bacteria with enough security.

>>9681459
>>9680194
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVYYZMOWyr4

>>9655983
does anyone know how to make money selling enzymes, i.e. thermo scientific?

>>9656066
But the creators must also have been created by someone. This may not proove the existence of a "deus" in the human sense but it certainly points towards a supernatural creator.

Guys, I am tearing apart. Should I study /molbio/ or law? I like both subjects but I can't really decide.

>>9687965
law

t. molbio

>>9659148
Your gonna study and research for a minimum ten years if you want to make money in the field

>>9687965
if ur a brainlwt then law

>>9687941
>make money selling enzymes

Without doing it in industrial scales? You are too late, some enzymes are produced at such a low cost that the industry do not recycle them and rather throw them away.

On a more personal level, protein purification is a bitch and expensive, you will not get very far without a lab..

But I guess you can do bacterial harvesting and maybe be really, really, really organized and lucky you might find a new one.

>>9688236
yea, that will probably be my focus. Gene therapy should be profitable for the foreseeable future

>>9687965
If a person has any passion for law, medicine or engineering, they should just go with any of these and ignore everything else. Stable and high-earning career prospects beat everything else. The problem with many people that studied natural sciences like physics, bio or chem is that they couldn't find the rest of the "career" degrees interesting. And science degrees are shit.

>>9687668
are you a bacteriologist by any chance? studying this field atm

>>9685211
but it's in the cytoplasm, why would it be secreted

>>9683463
vitamins especially the B vitamins (i.e. PLP)

>>9657620
What's the context? Sounds interesting.