/lit/ - Literature

>>18223150
>>18223277
This.
In Bueno's view, only when arts, religions, techniques (including politics), sciences and technologies –"first grade knowledges"– have been sufficiently developed can philosophy then appear as "second grade knowledge", transcendental in relation to "first grade knowledge" (in the sense that it permeates various kinds of knowledges).
Thus philosophy is far from being an absolute knowledge (metaphysics), a science (logic, epistemology) or the "mother of sciences" that would not have a specific role once sciences have become sufficiently mature.
Bueno offers an operational description of philosophy (as opposed to etymological or psychological definitions, such as "love of wisdom"): philosophy is the discipline that works with ideas.
Ideas, however, do not descend from heaven nor emerge spontaneously from the human soul; they are worldly and objective products of human reality. How, then, are they produced? Provided that the above-mentioned first grade knowledges produce concepts, ideas spring from contradictions and incommensurabilities among different concepts, or among different regions of concepts.

Therefore, since ideas depend on concepts, it is to be expected that the more developed the "first grade" concepts are (technologies, politics, sciences), the more developed ideas will be. As quotidian reality becomes more and more complex, instruments for a philosophical and systematic approach to ideas must be revised and completed. Any truly philosophical system has to be able to address and interpret both that increasingly complex reality and the various systems offered in the past. Philosophical reasoning, as Plato taught, is dialectic and never dogmatic, in that it cannot just "describe" reality as if it had a direct relation with it, but needs to refer controversially to interpretations of the concepts with which human beings re-organize the world.

With these methodological characteristics, philosophical materialism postulates itself as one of the most powerful systems currently at work. Even today, when scholars claim to have abandoned "grand narratives" and systematic views, ideas still need to be related to other ideas in order to be understood and, as such, each of us inevitably has an ontology and a theory of knowledge, no matter how basic and implicit. For example, people trying to make sense of their own religious feelings need to have ideas (no matter how simple) about humans, divine entities, and the relationships between the two. The same is true for someone in a pub or at work trying to justify a democratically elected law - they would probably need to mention free will, representation, nation, etc. All of these ideas are intertwined, thus forming systems, however weak or strong. A criterion for determining the power of a system of ideas is its capacity to relate to the phenomena it is trying to organize.

>>17848602
Just a French invention to justify Napoleon III's intervention on Mexico.
Plus, none of those "countries" you mention have produced any literature worth mentioning, so they aren't relevant at all to OP's question.

>>17837188
Gustavo Bueno

>>17500207
Cringe

>>17127212
The distinction is simple: empires are generative if, despite the actions of colonial exploitation, they turn colonized societies into societies with full rights. In other words, it fosters the transformation, as a universal empire, of the intervened societies into culturally and socioeconomically developed political societies. The Empire of Alexander the Great, the Roman Empire and the Spanish Empire would be clear examples.
On the other hand, they are predatory if they maintain a structural exploitative relationship with the societies they organize. This means that the empire, in this case, prevents the political development of such societies to take advantage of their socioeconomic resources, even destroying them. Take as an example the English Empire and the Dutch Empire.
Generative empires share language and technology with intervened societies, while the predatory empires use their own technology to destroy the reality of the intervened society.
A characteristic that manifests the nature of predatory empires is the refusal of biological mixing with the autochthonous population of the occupied territory.

>>17107691
It is a second rate knowledge

>>17100685
No one, and that's a good thing

>>17052265
Protestantism and idealism

>>17022596
You asked for philosophers, yet you named 2 charlatan sophists

>>17013094
>>17013554
>>17013591
>>17013611
Trash

>>17009463
Buenoist philosophical materialism

>>17005163
>hay gente en este tablón que no sabe español

>>16969769
Learn Spanish, read hispanic literature, and read Gustavo Bueno.

>>16941086
>>16941117
>>16941380
t. uncivilized *nglos and burguers who haven't read Don Gustavo

>>16936819
>leftist
Pure mythology

>>16922655
By disregarding this charlatan. Let the freaks have him, we have better thinkers.

>>16916297
No

>>16898180
>Spain
>no philosophy

>>16875150
Lusoparlante basado.

>>16866652
I posted it there.
There's no point in debate anyway.

>>16850625
Any kind of anarchism is condemned to fail. Idealistic and utopian bullshit.

>>16842824
Fuck Luther and fuck protestantism.
Imagine choosing protestantism over catholicism.

>>16793743
Actually, yes. You can trace a line from german idealism to Hitler.
https://youtu.be/7WuWWTp88LA

How iliterate do you have to be to put spanish so low? It has one of the richests literatures, if not the richest, and its philosophy is not far behind.