/diy/ - Do It Yourself

>From the closest scree/ravine/escarpment/stream? From the ground surface all around them? They dug pits and extracted stones from them? All those things combined? Why am I asking such a stupid question?

yes

>>1795021
>All those things combined?
Yes, and depending on the circumstances they also had to pay, get permits, or be lucky.
I know the area that I live in had a quarry nearby and the ruler at that time permitted the residents to get stones to build their houses. Another valley I know of had a ravine with a type of stone that the ruler allowed people make their ovens of.
There are probably more ways to get free stones today than there were back then because you can transport them more easily from farther away.
Ask farmers if they have some stones you can use and local forest owners if you can have some. Look around for buildings getting torn down and ask if you can get some stones. Ask companies that tear down buildings where they dump their stones, etc etc

>the idea of having to buy stones from quarries sounds ridiculous to me
They own/rent the land and they invest a lot of money to process it and make it available for transport. Why wouldn't you pay them?
>the ridiculous permits and norms that are imposed on us today
As if those don't have a reason to exist and as if without them you wouldn't have a whole lot of different problems.

If it's some European town then there probably is an older castle nearby. People got the rocks for the castles and when the owners left the villagers took the rocks and built houses. That's why when you see an old castle that is just a shell of what it was you almost never see the rocks on the ground near it.

>>1795021
Also, learn about traditional building materials, get some consultation from your local monument conservation agency (not sure if that's the right word). Depending on how you construct your house and which materials you use, you might want to use different plaster, mortar, etc.

>>1795032
Thanks for your answer, great advice.
>They own/rent the land and they invest a lot of money to process it and make it available for transport. Why wouldn't you pay them?
Of course you should pay them, what I meant is that buying stones from a quarry should be the last resort when you're surrounded by potentially free stones everywhere around you, especially when you're on a tight budget like I am.
>As if those don't have a reason to exist and as if without them you wouldn't have a whole lot of different problems.
A lot of them are justified and have great reasons to exist however there's a problem somewhere when building a traditional house like our ancestors did gets you surrounded by a lot of red tapes and bureaucracy, don't you think?
I don't know where you live, things vary a lot country to country in Europe and state/county to state/county in the US. I've read that in some area in the US you don't need permits and tons of paperwork if you're building a house that you don't intend on selling or renting. Seems like a good middle ground to me.

>>1795038
>I've read that in some area in the US you don't need permits and tons of paperwork
It depends alot on the living situation (population density), and the way society/culture is structured. In the end a large portion of social security, insurance costs and so on are built around assumptions on a certain amount of guaranteed building safety and similar things. Building in general touches a lot of areas of society that are very interwoven with each other, so it's not easy or trivial to view it on its own.
When you're renovating an old protected building, you have to comply with a lot of rules to make sure it's preserved, but you also don't have to follow other rules that were made for modern buildings (climate neutral, good insulation, some fire hazard rules, etc).
I could imagine that if you're lucky you could get involved with a University or monument protection agency and approach your building as a research or education project in traditional building techniques. It certainly would come with its own challenges, but it's an angle you can think about. On another note, have you considered buying an existing old stone house instead and renovating it?

>>1795034
Interesting! Never thought about it, you're right.
>>1795036
>Also, learn about traditional building materials
Yes, that's what I've been doing for the last couple weeks. I honestly don't plan on doing anything fancy, just a comfy little stone shack to begin with, using local stones and lime mortar as our ancestors did. Dry stone would probably me way more tricky and require a lot more experience and skills.
Do you have any reference to suggest? Any book, youtube channel or whatnot? I saw someone recommending these on Twitter.
https://www.amazon.co.uk/Stone-Buildings-Conservation-Restoration-History/dp/1847172105
https://www.amazon.fr/Build-Your-Own-Stone-House/dp/0882666401/

They stole their rocks from proud, peaceful, and prosperous countries that they colonized

>>1795044
I do have some recommendations, actually:

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC5rT7F0PGNuD54rJ9kzgWzw/videos
I think this guy has terrible tastes in buildings, but he shows work with lime plaster in some videos that I can definitely recommend.

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjAX3Gz9iyJnEtR6yqZr53g
german guy restoring traditional medieval timber frame building. Lots of woodworking, some plaster and wattle & daub walls. has all videos in english too.

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCy9Kti8oDm_wmbU7-yLRfog/videos
french experimental architecture project to build a castle with traditional techniques under traditional living conditions. More entertainment than technical, but with background knowledge you can see some nice video footage and as a beginner it's a nice introduction. english subtitles.

https://www.youtube.com/user/tracheide2/videos
German guy. day job is antique trader & restorator. Posts a lot of videos about maintaining and restoring his traditional timber frame house and doing extensive and detailed experiments with lime plaster, bricks, clay bricks, etc. Very educational and useful if you're doing this yourself. Unfortunately only in german. He also wrote a book IIRC.

>>1795044
And if you're in the alps, contact your local alpine club section and ask them for resources on how they built their alpine cabins in the last century.
If you're in the UK/Ireland, I'd wager there's some sort of historic building association or something where you can request material.

>>1795047
Forgot one:

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCC76FBg2d-5NWFD8aK4ql5A/videos
french guy that is restoring a old farm building apparently. Doesn't really use traditional techniques, but it's interesting to see nevertheless.

>>1795047
>I think this guy has terrible tastes in buildings, but he shows work with lime plaster in some videos that I can definitely recommend.
Yeah I'm already subscribed to his channel and binge-watched most of his videos before making a break, I can see he made a lof progress since then. Very resourceful lad.
>german guy restoring traditional medieval timber frame building.
>German guy. day job is antique trader & restorator.
Looks very interesting, thanks!
>And if you're in the alps
I'm french and I will do this somewhere around the alps indeed.
>french experimental architecture project to build a castle with traditional techniques
Yeah I knew about this project, didn't know or remember they had a Youtube channel though so thanks for that.
Thanks again anon, where are you from? Did you build anything similar yourself?

>>1795051
Alps, and no but I hope to find an old building in the future and restore it if necessary.

>>1795021
Gospeed in your pro-jeect anon!

here are some usefull resources

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gjp2qyJ4kAo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lm-mp24D1Ms

>>1795048
National trust

>>1795060
This is awesome anon, thanks. Can you give me even more resources and references like the other anon? Books, youtube channels etc? Give me all you got on those subjects, I'm really interested.
Would you say that if I have access to free stones then these + lime mortar is the way to go?

>>1795044
>pic
>that slate roof
Whoever made that slate roof does not know what they are doing. There's not enough overlap. It only has a single overlap. A proper slate roof has very long slates that allows you to over lap them 3-4 times. Meaning it is 3-4 stones deep of headlap. There's not even any doubling of the very first course. I bet it is face nailed too. lol

>>1795067
check out every yt link that is that infographic, I wouldnt suggest a full out stone cabin, but only stone foundations with lime that are great. Building high with stone can be dangerous, very doable but dont do it on the first try.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nnN5zsY2SrE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OnpNgw-Rwbk

most of this type of knowledge is sadly very fragmented since modern construction is so shitty so you have to pick and choose on your way. share if you have something as well.

>>1795021
Dont forget from clearing land.

>>1795074
>A proper slate roof has very long slates that allows you to over lap them 3-4 times

slate needs a 2/3 overlap? how do you know so much about such a rare method anyway? is pic rel too little overalap?

>>1795074
>Whoever made that slate roof does not know what they are doing.
It looks very old and the roof is still intact, so I think they knew what they were doing.

>>1795074
the roof depended on the money.
the cheapest method was to use wooden shingles underneath the slate. the wood had to be replaced every 15 years.

>>1795091
its got tar paper under there so it aint that fucking old

>>1795079
Because, I'm well versed and experienced in repairing such structures.

>is pic rel too little overalap?
That roof has 3 slates over each other. For instance, see that lower slate, of any of the groups towards the middle bottom? That slate crosses under the two above it and the 1 above that, placing itself under two layers. That is 3 layers. Longer lasting roofs have 4 layers. Also, they are fucking up the roof in the manner they are restoring it; as did the previous restorers did. I bet the fascia on that roof was rotted to hell and back. lol

It also looks like they are going to use improperly sized slate to replace the original slate. That makes me wonder how damaged it was to need to replace that much or if the people replacing it even had a slate ripper and just ended up busting up the slate.

>>1795091
It has already been repaired at least once in 3 different places (peak, chimney, and middle of what passes as a starter course). At least it doesn't have caulking somewhere. lol

>>1795262
>wood batten on tile roof
Job security I see? Double covering where each tile acts as a batten for the next is much better. It is like the one in your image is missing 1/3 of the roof tiles.

>>1795262
>>1795305
i think they did this on less important stuff like outhouses or sheds. of if they were just really poor peasants.

>>1795319
>>1795305
also single layer is much lighter if you consider the weight of 3 layers of tile good for a shed

>>1795322

>>1795322
True, but with the chimney in >>1795044 I think it was more than just a simple shed. Though, there doesn't seem to be much usage with that chimney.

>>1795331
i didn't see the chimney
now it looks like a bake house where the whole town used to bake their bread.

Pretty good resource for Frenchies (the forum is decent too)

https://www.tiez-breiz.bzh/restaurer-rehabiliter/les-fiches-techniques

>>1795305
>>1795319
>>1795322
>>1795323
is there some general rule of thumb on how much tile overlap is optimal based on material and/or slope?

If slate has to have 2/3, how much is for terracota tiles? I know that they dont use anywhere close to 2/3, more like 1/3 and it usually goes without problems - terras last far less that slate and are less water resistant but are significantly lighter and do the job in most cases.

Also, depending on the overlap, is it possible to do it without the tar layer on the roof and still have no moisture problems?

>>1795334
>communal baking
I love that shit for some reason
Here's a video about it
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=__3HNXrRPyk

and here's one about annual bread baking
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e0-eBstE-Dk

Both videos are from a German "library for technical information", and it seems these videos have been produced after WW2 in an effort to document cultural heritage in europe.
One specifically is about splitting stone, which I assume might come in handy for OP:
https://av.tib.eu/media/11525

>>1795032
>Another valley I know of had a ravine with a type of stone that the ruler allowed people make their ovens of.
I found the video about just that again:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W_-HMu9Jifg

>>1795550
I'd have to dig around my library to find my books. There is a graph chart for slope and overlap types. I don't remember if it was in the slate roof bible or one of the other slate books. The bible doesn't seem to be in ZLibrary either.

>is it possible to do it without the tar layer on the roof and still have no moisture problems?
You are never supposed to use a barrier with slate and the pitch is never supposed to be less than ..... fuck it is has been too long. Basically, the slope always needs to be steep, always too steep to walk on (which you NEVER do regardless.) You don't use a barrier for two reasons. 1, is so you know instantly when there is a leak and 2 so that all moisture from the building or humid air will be able to be carried away by the venting. You don't want a long term leak you never know about until something is so rotten that is fails; interior drywall be damned in the modern age.

I haven't been on a roof for about 25 years, so the details on numbers are a bit rusty.

Here's another video about working with stone:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HtNLEYQnFRs
>fabrication of a grinding stone

This one's about lime burning. Might be interesting for you too.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KYQRev6q68w

>>1795570
>>1795578
Nice vids, anon. Thanks.

>>1795576
>You don't use a barrier for two reasons. 1, is so you know instantly when there is a leak and 2 so that all moisture from the building or humid air will be able to be carried away by the venting.

No barrier also allows for wooden beams to dry out and last longer (like 400 opossed to 80years if wood choice and joinery is done well) + less toxic to the ground around the roof since tar isnt the most healthy substance and prt of it always gets to the ground even with just moisture. No tar barrier is basically contrary to almost every modern practice of finishing a roof...that is life.

is pic rel too little slope for slate?

>>1795590
Back when I was roofing the only time we used a barrier was when there was a threat of rain. Even then we removed the paper after the roof was put on. You'd just tear it out from the underside in the attic. We rarely ever used a barrier and the only times we did was when a client was being an ignorant ass, forcing us t o get shit done ASAP despite the bad weather.

>is pic rel too little slope for slate?
Yes. We never did anything under 10:12, but I think 8:12 is the break off point for the chart I can remember in my head. I can't seem to find it online. Here's an example from the National Slate Association site, which also agree that steeper than 8:12 is preferred. The roof in your image appears to be about 6:12?

>>1795578
You just reminded me of the BBC historical series stuff. There's one where they do some lime work like that, but it is used for farming, not masonry. Edwardian Farm episode 1,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UcBl4_2FJX4

More on topic with the thread, the same BBC historical group also has a series on castle building using all historical the tools and techniques,
Secrets of the Castle
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydoRAbpWfCU&list=PL72jhKwankOiwI5zt6lC3eQtsQDxOaN_g

Less on topic, but extremely enjoyable to watch, here's a listing of all that group's historical series (list from the threads in >>>/out/Homegrowmen ),
•BBC Historical Farming Documentary Series:
-Tudor Monastery Farm (1457–1509,)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fhZv2iYuWVE&list=PL72jhKwankOjhQylqI7dETpKpcSV0JcB_

-Tales from the Green Valley (1620,)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dRj1YYnsBGk&list=PL6LJQOAaGj2magtWkqqRQOUKF9SOK-IIt

-Victorian Farm (1837-1901,)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4apIM4l0laY&list=PLFt-0pV1FSz7kqOxGPgB2OeAsI-johYeI

-Edwardian Farm (1901-1910,)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UcBl4_2FJX4&list=PL72jhKwankOjOBOaI-4X-gSsOgDbXK0Cp

-Wartime Farm (1938-1946,)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CUsU5s0ofYo&list=PL59GlH-H0rGGl7RUe5T7XzT4_ToqqNL5R

>>1795570
>>1795571
>>1795578
>>1795610
OP here, thanks for the vids anons, that's awesome stuff.

>>1795576
I wish i knew someone like you, new house bought off a cowboy who’s just cement boarded over everything, all the roofers just come to check my felt in the loft and then leave when they know it isn’t a massive job, originally thought it was salts from the chimney but i threw a few smoke bombs up and spotted a few holes in the fascia and chimney bricks and now the chimney is visibly drying (after venting it because the previous owner had sealed it all up). The back slate roof on the other hand... first massive storm and the whole slopping side cement board was damp- roof and wall. There’s still a damp patch by the top wall, went up and covered it in liquid rubber but it looks like they’ve skimped on slate layers. Changed guttering as they were blocked but that little damp patch won’t go.

>>1795021
From Africa. All you can found in Europe has been stolen from Africa

>>1797000
Since there's no photos, make sure anything and everything is open to air and breezes above the ceiling in the attic space. Ventilation is generally air flowing around the slate, up through the bottom of the soffit, and through gable vents (on the walls of gable roofs.) More modern venting are things like ridge vents, dormer vents, and whilybird vent pipes.

With slate, the main failing points are, not enough overlap/headlap for the slope, face nailing (point of future failure), caulking (point of future failure,) closed off from venting (someone used underlayment/felt) and improper flashing.

Where the gutter attaches to the fascia, make sure the drip edge and fascia cover are not swapped. The drip edge should slip under the roofing material (slate) and over the fascia cover. I've seen a lot of roofs where this was backwards and water constantly poured behind the fascia cover and onto the fascia wood.

Chimneys are almost always neglected. Flashing for those needs to be rather high. Chimneys can also be in the wrong places on the roof making things worse by several orders of magnitude. If a chimney is coming out of the very peak of the roof it is in a good position. If a chimney is at the bottom of a slope of the roof then it is in the worst position because it acts like a dam from all the water racing down the roof. It can also backup snow and ice causing roof damage and leaks later on.

Remember, the roof itself isn't for insulating. It is for shedding water, snow, hail, and turning solar energy into heat so it can blow away. It should be as open and well vented as possible so that any leaks or humidity from the building will evaporate and blow away quickly preventing rot or pooling. The insulation for the building should be the attic floor.

>>1797062
>If a chimney is at the bottom of a slope of the roof then it is in the worst position because it acts like a dam from all the water racing down the roof. It can also backup snow and ice causing roof damage and leaks later on.

Bit of a horror show. That’s mine. Had pictures from the inside but must’ve deleted. The rest of the roof at the front is all fine and really old but this part is a bit built onto another extension from god knows when.

Okay will add some more ventilation in and have saved you comment (not sure of the terminology it’s just driving me mad.

>drip edge

My uncle talked me out of this as i might loosen the slates at the bottom or crack them if it’s what i’m thinking it is. Yeah it’s been a winter rush job i was going to get stuck into in the summer.

>>1797074
All that black gunk is possibly the worst thing that could have been done to the roof. It needs to be completely removed and probably all those pieces of slate replaced. The biggest rule of roof repair is to add nothing additional to it. Only replace what needs replacing. It isn't pool that needs a rubber patch (flat rubber roofs not-withstanding).

You may need to call a professional to fix that, but don't let them talk you into installing an asphalt roof (that's what contractors do here.) Otherwise, you need to do some serious research on slate roof repair.

>>1797062
That the inside cement board, the darker patches above have never expanded or got worse since the storm (which must’ve been glowing the rain in on a certain angle) but that damp patch always returns. It’s hard to tell about the chimney to the left but it’s definitely drying, amazed how well an airbrick can flush out the moisture with a cowl at the top.

>>1797083
Weather's turning now so should be able to get up and have a proper look. Doesn't help that i'm absolutely skint but i don't want my roof caving in neither. It's just hard work to find roofers here unless it's a full roof and the neighbour told me this roof has only been up about 10 years.

>>1795021
Related to OP, look for abandoned old rock/slate mines, not sure where you from but near here there's famous and expensive volcanic varieties (green/blue) i used to build a fireplace with. Alot of work shaping them, squaring them with chisels and a brick hammer but worth it. Takes the lichen off too and you can treat the rocks so they don't dull. You're likely to need a 4x4 and a quiet Sunday morning to fill the car though.

>>1797074
Look into Lead Flashing.
But beware of "New" lead free flashing its an aluminum-rubber compound and often decays after years of sun radiance. Metallic Lead is not really toxic because its pretty much inert (that's why it lasts so long).
Lead is ideal roofing material, soft and easy to work with, passivates and lasts long, heavy so it wont fly away, new plastic alternatives always need glue which decays. and its flexible your chimney which connects to the foundation flexes differently than your wooden roof timbers.

>>1797074
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CScn1f2y03Q
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NxBCrh30UeI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SmRRVDGOwzA
found these videos there in german but its more important what he is doing than he is speaking.

Locally in quarries, but they'd pick the best and flattest stones around
It's impressive the amount of dedication, considering they'd haul the stones with wagons. How many trips and days would it take only to haul all the stone needed for a house, and how many more to lay them down?

>>1798780

>>1798783

cool thread
i was looking into making dry walls recently

is there an all-in-one book for noobs to learn about building with stone?

>tfw I have to repair some Walls like Pic related. Some of the walls already collapsed and are only hold by some ivy.

>>1798794
I had some success with https://archive.org/
if you search for German terms you find mostly books from 1850-1920 that somehow ended up in American library's and got scanned by google because copyright has runn out long ago.

The old book use old grammar and are weird to read. but i think in 1850 it was expensive to publish a book so there often quality content and most of the time +400 pages.
it gets harder and harder to find good information on the internet it feels like there made by bots just copying each other.

>>1798838
thanks for the thoughtful respond, mate
as a catholic i'm used to reading weird language in old books (eg usage of "to-morrow") ha

really want to try this
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2g9pO52dmc

>>1798764
Copper is the "modern" flashing material. The only down side is that thieves have been known to steal it off houses and churches.

>>1798782
>dat giant run between the addon and main
lol They must have amazing foundations.

>>1798908
The thing I hate about some old texts is the "long S". I'm glad it isn't used anymore.

>>1798838
>>1798908
>it gets harder and harder to find good information on the internet it feels like there made by bots just copying each other.
That is exactly what is happening.

Check out this website,
http://www.survivorlibrary.com/library-download

It has tons of old books in PDF file format. The topics related to this thread are, "Construction," "Bridges and Dams," "Engineering - General," and "Stone and Masonry." They have stuff dating back to at least the 1700s that I've seen.

I've downloaded almost the entire site, but it seems they also offer a usb drive with everything packed on it.

>>1798932
Great stuff, thanks!

>>1798955
Just be warned the dreaded "long S" is prolific in those old texts. To the point where you will scratch your head.

>>1798957
>>1798955
>>1798927
And any document that has "OCR" (optical Character Recognition) to reproduce it will have all the "long S" characters changed into normal F characters. It can be maddening to try to read due to that.

>>1798764
The actual flashing is lead the picture is just my rush job temp tape flashing on borrowed ladders that could barely hold my weight, with liquid rubber on top. After the smoke test you're right, huge hole was in it, it's the flashing that's done the chimney, you're a absolute legend to deduce that from the crap i gave you. Very good videos but will be weary about disturbing the slates to install it..

It's this >>1797102 patch to the right which even two roofers have either blanked or weren't sure about, to be fair there's not alot of room up ther.

>>1799146
>>1798768

Got some decent ladders, guess it's just a case of ripping the olde out and sliding the new lead underneath the slate around it? It does look like a Professional needs to get involved as i hate heights but then again one pro did this..

>>1798780
Then you see the steep tracks they had to use to get the higher more quality rocks and the manual labour involved in shaping the rocks.

>>1798932
Hot stuff, thanks!

>>1795021
If the stones are on your land then its yours, just pay some guy to move them where you want. If you don't own the land/stones then you probably have to pay someone for their rocks.

>>1798924
Copper was always the flashing of choice. Second choice was (Pure)Zinc.
Today we have Zink-Titanium alloys. The titanium improves the flexibility the work-ability and the Thermal expansion, combined with high copper prices most new homes get this so called Titanzic.

Lead is for the little complicated jobs weird shapes or where the metal has to be formed in two directions. also its so heavy it doesn't need nails or glue.

a little side note here avoid mixing Zinc and Copper if the copper is in direct contact or water flows from the copper to the zinc you create a battery with zinc being the element that gets consumed and you're zinc gutter is destroyed in a few years. Lead doesn't care at all and is good for repairs.

There any precedent for blending modern structural cement with "traditional" decorative masonry?

>>1799424
I say "modern" because of environmental concerns using lead now. It is illegal to use it in some locations now. Zinc is allowed ironically since it also contains lead in the galvanization process.

>avoid mixing Zinc and Copper
I've seen so many asshole roofers do stuff like that. You try to tell them it causes a galvanic reaction and they look at you like you have three heads. One guy even whispered, "job security" to me when I brought it up.

I’ve done landscape stone masonry for years, both commercially and as an art/hobby thing, so I’ll tell you how I’ve gotten stone before.
You’ll see stone buildings in areas where there’s good building stone easily available. If you’re in a place like Louisiana, good luck. In rural areas some sources might be old buildings, old quarries, a farmer’s field,etc. Make sure you have permission and don’t end up in jail or with an ass full of buckshot. Don’t be a dick and wreck a legit historical ruin. One of my best sources was a place where the highway department dumped stone from road widening projects and I must have gotten 50 tons of stone from that, one pickup load at a time.
In cities, demolished buildings are like quarries and have preselected and sometimes cut stone. Demolition crews have to haul the stuff off anyway and might be persuaded to dump it where you want it.
Stone that cleaves along a parallel plane like sandstone and limestone is much easier to build with, while igneous rock tumbled by glaciers or streams is like building with bowling balls.
I’ve gotten some good stuff from the “free” section of Craigslist but it’s unlikely you’ll get anything in quantities to make a building.
“Quarrying” of any kind is going to involve moving tremendous weight and you should take all the obvious precautions, and a beater truck, or cheap access to one, is essential.
Start looking around.. are all the old barns in your area built with choice pieces of limestone? Are the houses they’re demolishing in the ghetto made with good building stone and beautiful carved lintels? You’ll get an eye for this stuff really fast.

>>1799589
When I was doing stone work, my go-to places to get precut used stone were old cellars where the cellar house on top was felling in on itself. That's a prominent feature around here. The cool thing is I found lots of antique glass bottles behind the walls where trash was thrown when it was first built.

A relative of mine owns an old quarry the state road worked 100 years or more ago. I worked it for about a year using only hand tools, rollers, and pipe rails to load it into the back of my beat-to-hell pickup truck(it still runs well nearly 20 years later). I moved something like 20-30 tons of stone a day on a good day. I think there's still a train line of stones left on rotten rollers in that quarry to this day. lol

I still spot good sources of stone to this day and I'm always seeing mistakes in stone walls. It is an OCD thing I couldn't get rid of after that. lol